入户盗窃犯罪案件高居我国刑事案件之首，其比一般的盗窃行为的社会危害性更大，主观恶性更严重，严重威胁着人们家庭生活的和谐与安宁。然而，刑法修正案(八)仅将入户盗窃等行为方式作为盗窃罪的一般处罚情节。因此，笔者认为应给予入户盗窃犯罪比一般盗窃犯罪更为严厉的处罚。

　　一、“入户盗窃”中“户”的认定

　　入户盗窃中的“户”是指用于个人家庭生活所用的、具有相对的封闭性、私密性特征的住宅或者住所。其应当具备如下四个特征：

　　第一，“户”应当具有相对的封闭性。前述司法解释将这种封闭性规定为“他人生活的与外界相对隔离的住所，包括封闭的院落、牧民的帐篷、渔民作为家庭生活场所的渔船、为生活租用的房屋等”，这便将住所与面对不特定人开放的营业性场所区别了开来，将后者排除在“户”的范围之外。

　　第二，“户”应当具有家庭性。家庭一般是指由婚姻关系、血缘关系或者收养关系或共同经济为纽带结合成的亲属团体。家庭是最基本的社会单位。刑法将“入户抢劫”规定为抢劫罪的加重处罚情形，将入户盗窃规定为独立的盗窃罪类型，其规范目的即在于维护“家庭”这一社会生活中最为重要的法益。因此，刑法意义上的“户”，应当与家庭生活相联系。这就使“户”具有了与户内人员紧密相连的人身属性，将“户”从单独的场所、物的概念，深深打上了人的烙印，成为了特定人的人身的外延性利益。

　　第三，“户”应当具有生活性。这可以理解为“户”的延展性特征。所谓生活性，通常具有两个特点：一是居住成员间具有比较固定亲属关系；二是居住的成员以“户”为纽带而共同生存和发展。生活性体现了“户”的功能属性，使“户”成为家庭成员生存繁衍、共同居住休憩的场所。“户”的这种生活性特征也成为区分户内户外人员的一个标准。

　　第四，户应当就有私密性。正如前文所述，“户”是用于特定的家庭成员及其近亲属居住、休息、生活的特定场所。许多关系个人的私密性生活行为都要在户内进行。而且“户”对于个人的生活紧密相关，许多涉及个人隐私的物品以及生活方式是不应当随意让户外之人所获悉的。这就决定了“户”对于家庭成员而言就有了私密性。

　　因此，入户盗窃中的“入户”就是以基于实施犯罪的意图，非法侵入他人用于家庭生活的、具有相对封闭性、私密性的个人住宅或者住所的行为。

　　二、刑法修正案（八）规定“入户盗窃”的意义

　　刑法修正案（八）将入户盗窃规定为独立的盗窃类型，具有重要意义。将入户盗窃作为一种独立的盗窃形式予以规定，取消数额的限制，降低入罪门槛，对于遏制入户盗窃行为将起到重要作用，这将提高入户盗窃的犯罪成本，有效打击利用盗窃罪的数额限定和次数限制等缺陷实施盗窃犯罪行为的犯罪分子，对“入户盗窃”者将起到一定的警示作用，入户盗窃行为可能会得到一定程度遏制。将入户盗窃作为盗窃罪的独立形式，能够正确贯彻罪刑相适应原则，能够充分保护应当保护的个人利益，切实保障公民以住宅为延伸的人身权利，保障当事人的合法权益不受侵害。在司法实践中，也便于司法机关及时有效的处理“入户盗窃”的犯罪行为。可以说，刑法修正案（八）对于盗窃罪的完善是我国刑事立法的一个进步。

　　三、入户盗窃立法规定的不足

　　在我国的刑事案件中，侵犯财产的案件比例最高、比重最大，而在财产犯罪案件中，入户盗窃案件所占的比重一直高居首位。入户盗窃案件的高发率，严重扰乱人们正常的生活秩序，败坏社会风气，降低人们对政府这一公权力威信的信赖。加上入户盗窃还极容易引发其他犯罪，严重威胁着公民的生命健康权利。所以，笔者认为入户盗窃行为比一般的盗窃行为具有更大的主观恶性和社会危害性。然而，我国原盗窃罪的立法规定并未对入户盗窃行为做出专门规定，在司法实践中也是依据盗窃罪的入罪标准对入户盗窃行为进行定性评价和处罚。忽视了“入户”这一行为的社会危害性，从而降低了比一般盗窃行为更具危害性的入户盗窃行为的打击力度。笔者认为应将二者区别对待，罚当其罪，真正实现罪责刑相适应。

　　刑法修正案(八)增加了入户盗窃等盗窃罪的行为方式，但是这些行为方式也只是盗窃罪的一般处罚情节，并不是加重处罚情节或者转化罪名的情节。像在抢劫罪中，入户抢劫则是法定的加重处罚情节;在抢夺罪中，携带凶器抢夺则是转化为抢劫罪的法定情节。笔者认为，将入户盗窃等行为方式列为一般处罚情节，难免就降低了它的打击力度。实质上，入户盗窃既遂依然是按照一般盗窃行为的既遂标准定罪处罚的。我们都知道，入户盗窃多是团伙犯罪，并伴随着事先踩点、撬锁、翻墙、砸窗等恶劣的行为，另外，行为人在被发现的时候往往挺而走险，转化为抢劫等人身危险性更大的行为，严重威胁着人们家庭生活的和谐与安宁，所以，笔者认为刑(八)中对入户盗窃的立法规定还不够完善，我国立法对入户盗窃的打击力度还不够大。鉴于它比一般的盗窃行为具有更大的社会危害性，笔者建议，应给予其更为严厉的处罚，这样才能真正实现罪责刑相适应。

　　四、入户盗窃的立法完善

　　刑罚是最严厉的惩罚手段，它涉及到对公民生杀予夺，这一特殊性，使其公正性成了刑法的首要价值。而立法公正又是司法公正的基础和一前提。刑事立法所确立的公正是一般的公正，是一种普适的公正。这种一般公正的确立就要求做到立法平等、立法公平、立法正当。通过平等、公平、正当的立法所确立的一般公正，它的实现还需要达到立法及时、立法协调、立法民主。立法及时就要求我们根据犯罪态势的发展变化和社会经济的发展情况，及时的废止、修改或制定刑法规范。法理上，法具有两种相互否定的性质:确定与公平。法律的威严要求它具有确定性，不能朝令夕改，否则就丧失了法的公正性;而法的公平性则要求法适应社会的发展，必然要变更。可以说确定性是公平性的确定性，这种确定性是相对的，并非立而不动。因为一种行为的社会危害性也是发展变化的，这是由社会关系和社会生活的变动所决定的。随着行为社会危害性的变化，为了更好的保护社会关系，适应社会生活，立法也应作出及时的反应，方可保证法的一般公正的实现。对于入户盗窃犯罪而言，在现行刑法颁布之初，社会经济发展水平相对落后，人们财富的积累相对较少，其户内财产一般也比较廉价。同时，房屋的建造也相对简陋，防御功能也较差，加之社会文明程度不高，人们欠缺对户内权利的重视。所以，对于行为人入户盗窃所造成的危害就等同于一般的盗窃行为处理，也并无不当。但随着社会经济文化水平的飞速发展，人们财富的迅速积累，财产犯罪尤其是入户盗窃犯罪的猛增，入户盗窃犯罪的社会危害性也日益凸显。人们己经越来越重视“户”对其人身权和财产权的庇护作用，并将“户”视为其赖以生存、安身立命、抵御灾害的最后屏障。行为人入户盗窃犯罪对人们造成的财产上的损失与心理上的打击也往往重于一般的盗窃行为。为了保证法所确立的一般公正的实现，必须做到立法及时。

　　笔者认为，鉴于入户盗窃严重的社会危害性和主观危险性，入户盗窃的立法规定仍有完善的必要。故建议将 “入户盗窃”、作为“其它较重情节”的具体情形予以规定。对入户盗窃犯罪分别设置不同的法定刑，真正实现罚当其罪。

　　“入户盗窃”在刑法修正案（八）中明确规定无疑是立法的重大进步，体现了其严重的社会危害性和破坏性，同时也体现了国家给予坚决打击的决心，但鉴于对入户盗窃中“户”的概念模糊理解及司法实践的复杂性，使现实中个别“入户盗窃”的罪责刑不统一，量刑问题出现了偏差，极大的影响了司法的公正性和严肃性。因此，对立法的不足必须予以完善，应将入户盗窃作为一种加重处罚情节。

　　（作者单位：江西省新建县人民法院）
Commissioner of SFDA


Provisions for Supervision of Drug Distribution



(SFDA Decree No.26)

The Provisions for Supervision of Drug Distribution, adopted at the executive meeting of the State Food and Drug Administration on December 8, 2006, is hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of May 1, 2007.


Shao Mingli
Commissioner of SFDA
January 31, 2007





Provisions for Supervision of Drug Distribution


Chapter I

Article 1 These Provisions are formulated for the purposes of strengthening drug supervision, regulating drug distribution order and ensuring drug quality in accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Drug Administration Law), the Regulations for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Regulations for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law) and the requirements of the relevant law and regulations.

Article 2 Any institutions or individuals engaged in the purchase, sales and supervision of drugs in the People’s Republic of China shall abide by the Provisions.

Article 3 Drug manufacturers, distributors and medical institutions shall be responsible for the quality of the drugs that they produce, distribute or use.

Drug manufacturers and distributors shall carry out reforms and innovations in the direction of pharmaceutical logistics provided that drug quality is assured.

Article 4 The drug regulatory departments encourage individuals and organizations to involve in the social supervision on drug distribution. Individuals or organizations have the right to report or accuse of any violation of the Provisions to the drug regulatory departments.


Chapter II Supervision on Drug Purchase and Sales by Manufacturers and Distributors

Article 5 Drug manufacturers or distributors shall be responsible for their drug purchases and sales, and liable for the purchases and sales activities of their sales staff or offices in the name of their enterprise.

Article 6 Drug manufacturers or distributors shall train their purchase and sales staff on drug related laws, regulations and professional knowledge, and establish training records including time, venue, content and trainees.

Article 7 Drug manufacturers or distributors shall strengthen the management of the sales staff and set up specific rules for their sales behaviors.

Article 8 Drug manufacturers or distributors shall not store or spot trade drugs on the premises not approved by the drug regulatory departments.

Article 9 Drug manufacturers shall sell drugs that they produce in the name of themselves, and shall not sell any drug that they produce for contract manufacturing or any drugs produced by others.

Article 10 Where a drug manufacturer or wholesaler sells drugs, it shall provide the following materials:
(1) Copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate or Drug Supply Certificate, stamped with the seal of the enterprise, and the business license;
(2) Copies of the approval documents for the drug to be sold, stamped with the seal of the enterprise ;
(3) For import drug sales, relevant proof documents should be provided in accordance with the related provisions of the State.

Where a drug manufacturer or wholesaler sends any of its sales staff to sell drugs, it shall, in addition to the materials prescribed in the previous paragraph of this Article, provide a copy of the authorization letter with the seal of the enterprise. The original authorization letter shall contain the authorized drugs, regions and time of validity for drug sales, indicate the identity card numbers of the sales staff, and be stamped with the enterprise seal and legal representative seal (or signature). The sales staff shall show the original authorization letter and identity card for the check by drug purchasers.

Article 11 Where a drug manufacturer or wholesaler sells drugs, it shall provide sales document indicating supplier’s name, drug name, manufacturer, batch number, quantity, price, etc.

Where a drug retailer sells drugs, it shall provide sales document indicating drug name, manufacturer, quantity, price, batch number, etc.

Article 12 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor purchases drugs, it shall request, examine and retain the relevant certificates and documents of the supplier in accordance with the requirements set forth in Article 10 of the Provisions, and request and retain sales document in accordance with the requirements set forth in Article 11 of the Provisions.

The documents retained by the drug manufacturer or distributor in accordance with the previous paragraph of this Article shall be kept till one year after the date of expiry, but not less than three years.

Article 13 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor knows or should know that any person without certificates produces or distributes drugs, it shall not provide the person with any drug.

Article 14 A drug manufacturer or distributor shall not provide premises, qualifications documents, notes, etc. as conveniences for others to distribute drugs in its own name.

Article 15 A drug manufacturer or distributor shall not spot trade drugs by means of exhibition, exposition, trade fair, commodity fair or product promotion event.

Article 16 A drug distributor shall not purchase or sell pharmaceutical preparations prepared by medical institutions.

Article 17 A drug distributor shall not change its distribution mode without approval of the drug regulatory department.

A drug distributor shall operate within the approved distribution scope in the Drug Supply Certificate.

Article 18 A drug retailer shall, pursuant to the requirements of drug classification regulations set forth by the State Food and Drug Administration, sell prescription drugs in the presence of prescriptions.

Any drug retailer selling prescription drugs or Class A non-prescription drugs shall, in the absence of its licensed pharmacists and other qualified pharmaceutical professionals, put up a public notice and stop selling prescription drugs and Class A non-prescription drugs.

Article 19 For drugs that need low-temperature or cold storage as specified in drug insert sheets, the drug manufacturer or distributor shall transport and store the drugs with low-temperature or cold storage facilities in accordance with the relevant provisions.

When finding any drug manufacturer or distributor violates the requirements in the previous paragraph of this article, the drug regulatory department shall seal up or seize the drugs concerned immediately and deal with the matter in accordance with law.

Article 20 A drug manufacturer or distributor shall not provide the public with prescription drug or Class A non-prescription drug by means of tie-in sale, offering free drugs in association with sales of drug or commodity sale, etc.

Article 21 A drug manufacturer or distributor shall not sell prescription drugs directly to the public by post or over internet.

Article 22 Any illegal purchase of drugs is prohibited.


Chapter III Supervision on Drug Purchase and Storage by Medical Institutions

Article 23 The pharmacy established by a medical institution shall have the premise, equipment, storage facilities, hygienic environment, and pharmaceutical professionals required for drug dispensing. It shall also have the drug quality control units or personnel, and establish a system for drug storage.

Article 24 Where a medical insititution purchases drugs, it shall request, examine and retain the relevant certificates, documents and notes of the supplier in accordance with the requirements set forth in Article 12 of the Provisions.

Article 25 Where a medical institution purchases drugs, it shall establish and apply an examination and acceptance system, and keep authentic and complete purchase records. Purchase records shall indicate the adopted name of the drug in China, manufacturer (for Chinese crude drug, the origin should be noted), dosage form, date of expiry, drug approval number, supplier, quantity, price and date of purchase.

Drug purchase records shall be kept till one year after the date of expiry, but not less than three years.

Article 26 A medical institution shall establish and apply a system for drug storage and maintenance, and take necessary measures to ensure drug quality, such as cold storage, protection against freeze and humidity, ventilation, moisture proof, protection from direct light and fire, and avoidance of insects and rodents.

A medical institution shall store drugs and non-drug products separately; Chinese crude drugs, prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs, pharmaceuticals, and traditional Chinese medicine preparations shall be stored separately by category.

Article 27 A medical institution or family planning technical service institution shall not directly provide drugs for patients without diagnosis or treatment.

Article 28 A medical institution shall not sell prescription drugs directly to the public by post or over internet.

Article 29 Where a medical institution purchases drugs via a centralized tendering, it shall comply with the relevant requirements of the Drug Administration Law, Regulations for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law and the Provisions.


Chapter IV Legal Liabilities

Article 30 In any of the following circumstances, the drug manufacturer or distributor shall be instructed to rectify within a time limit and given a disciplinary warning; and if the drug manufacturer or distributor fails to do so, it shall be fined not less than RMB 5,000 yuan but not more than RMB 20,000 yuan:
(1) any drug manufacturer or distributor in violation of Article 6 of the Provisions;
(2) any drug manufacturer or wholesaler in violation of the first paragraph of Article 11 of the Provisions;
(3) any drug manufacturer or distributor, in violation of Article 12 of the Provisions, failing to keep the relevant documents as required.

Article 31 Any drug manufacturer or distributor in violation of Article 7 of the Provisions shall be given a disciplinary warning and instructed to rectify within a time limit.

Article 32 In accordance with the provisions in Article 73 of the Drug Administration Law, in any of the following circumstances, the drugs illegally sold and the illegal gains therefrom shall be confiscated, and the drug manufacturer or distributor shall be fined not less than two times but not more than five times the value of the drugs illegally sold:
(1) any drug manufacturer or distributor, in violation of Article 8 of the Provisions, spot trading drugs on the premises not approved by the drug regulatory departments.
(2) any drug manufacturer in violation of Article 9 of the Provisions;
(3) any drug manufacturer or distributor in violation of Article 15 of the Provisions;
(4) any drug distributor in violation of Article 17 of the Provisions.

Article 33 Any drug manufacturer or distributor, in violation of Article 8 of the Provisions, storing drugs on the premises not approved by the drug regulatory departments，shall be punished pursuant to the provisions in Article 74 of the Regulations for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law.

Article 34 Any drug retailer in violation of the provisions in the second paragraph of Article 11 of the Provisions shall be instructed to rectify and given a disciplinary warning; and if the drug retailer fails to do so within a time limit, it shall be fined not more than RMB 500 yuan.

Article 35 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor, in violation of Article 13 of the Provisions, knows or should know that any person without certificates produces or distributes drugs, but still provide the person with drugs, they shall be given a disciplinary warning, instructed to rectify and fined not more than RMB 10,000 yuan. If the circumstances are serious, they shall be fined not less than RMB 10,000 yuan but not more than RMB 30,000 yuan.

Article 36 Drug manufacturers and distributors in violation of Article 14 of the Provisions shall be punished pursuant to the provisions in Article 82 of the Drug Administration Law.

Article 37 Where a drug distributor, in violation of Article 16 of the Provisions, purchases or sells pharmaceutical preparations dispensed by medical institutions, it shall be punished pursuant to the provisions in Article 80 of the Drug Administration Law.

Article 38 Any drug retailer in violation of the first paragraph of Article 18 of the Provisions shall be instructed to rectify within a time limit and given a disciplinary warning; if it fails to do so or the circumstances are serious, it shall be fined not more than RMB 1,000 yuan.

Where a drug retailer, in violation of the second paragraph of Article 18 of the Provisions, sells prescription drugs or Class A non-prescription drugs in absence of licensed pharmacists or other qualified pharmaceutical professionals, it shall be instructed to rectify within a time limit and given a disciplinary warning; if it fails to do so, it shall be fined not more than RMB 1,000 yuan.

Article 39 Where a drug manufacturer or wholesaler, in violation of Article 19 of the Provisions, fails to transport drugs under low-temperature or cold storage conditions as specified in insert sheets, it shall be given a disciplinary warning and instructed to rectify within a time limit; if it fails to do as instructed, it shall be fined not less than RMB 5,000 yuan but not more than RMB 20,000 yuan. Where the drugs concerned are legally proved to be counterfeit or substandard drugs, the drug manufacturer or wholesaler shall be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Drug Administration Law.

Where a drug manufacturer or wholesaler, in violation of Article 19 of the Provisions, fails to store drugs under low-temperature or cold storage conditions as specified in insert sheets, it shall be punished pursuant to the provisions in Article 79 of the Drug Administration Law. Where the drugs concerned are legally proved to be counterfeit or substandard drugs, the drug manufacturer or wholesaler shall be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Drug Administration Law.

Article 40 Any drug manufacturer or distributor in violation of Article 20 of the Provisions shall be instructed to rectify within a time limit and given a disciplinary warning; if the drug manufacturer or distributor fails to do so or the circumstances are serious, they shall be fined not more than two times the value of the free drugs offered, but not more than RMB 30,000 yuan.

Article 41 Any institution, in violation of Article 23 to Article 27 of the Provisions, shall be instructed to rectify within a time limit; if the circumstances are serious, it shall be announced.

Article 42 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor in violation of Article 21 of the Provisions or a medical institution in violation of Article 28 of the Provisions sells prescription drugs directly to the public by post, over internet, etc., they shall be instructed to rectify, given a disciplinary warning, and fined not more than two times the value of the drugs sold, but not more than RMB 30,000 yuan.

Article 43 Any illegal purchase of drugs, in violation of Article 22 of the Provisions, shall be punished pursuant to the provisions in Article 73 of the Drug Administration Law.

Article 44 Where a drug regulatory department or its staff that neglects its duty fails to stop or punish illegal activities that should be stopped or punished, administrative sanctions shall be imposed to the person directly in charge and other persons directly responsible. If a crime is constituted, criminal liabilities shall be investigated in accordance with law.


Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Article 45 Spot trading of drugs in the Provisions refers to the activity that drug manufacturers, distributors or their appointed sales staff carry and sell drugs to unspecified objects on spot other than the premises approved by the drug regulatory departments.

Article 46 With respect to the supervision on the distribution of specially controlled drugs, vaccines, and military medicines, if otherwise provided by the relevant laws, regulations and provisions, they shall prevail.

Article 47 The Provisions shall come into force as of May 1, 2007. As of the date when the Provisions goes into effect, the Provisions for Supervision of Drug Distribution (Interim) (SFDA Decree No.7) implemented on August 1, 1999 shall be annulled therefrom.