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自然资源物权登记争议是否适用行政复议前置/胡风云

时间:2024-07-22 17:33:39 来源: 法律资料网 作者:法律资料网 阅读:8649
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  [案情]

  B林场原为省辖国有林场,后因林场改制,A县B乡政府和B林场合署办公,系两个单位一套人员,乡长兼任林场场长。甲山林系B乡李家村小组所属的一片山林,山林面积约100亩,李家村小组已取得了山林权证。2010年,李家村所在的B乡政府和B林场通过招商引入一家名为青山绿水林业有限公司,该公司与B林场签订了林地承包合同,由青山绿水林业有限公司承包B林场所属五个分场3000亩林地,承包期为20年,林地上原有林木归青山绿水林业有限公司所有。双方在订立合同时B林场将本属于李家村民小组所有甲山林也作为林场的林地租给了青山绿水林业有限公司,合同订立后双方到所属的A县林业局办理了林权变更登记,由于县林业局审查不严,将原本属于李家村小组的甲山林也作为林场的林地,将甲山林林权证上林地使用权权利人、林木所有权权利人变更为了青山绿水林业有限公司,A县人民政府根据县林业局的审核为青山绿水林业有限公司核发林地使用权证、林木所用权证。之后青山绿水林业有限公司在管理甲山林时与李家村民小组的村民发生争议,青山绿水林业有限公司向村民出示了山林权证,林权证显示争执的林地所有权人李家村民小组,但林地使用权权利人、林木所有权人均为青山绿水林业有限公司。为此,李家村小组以A县人民政府、A县林业局为被告、青山绿水林业有限公司为第三人向法院提起了行政诉讼,要求法院撤销A县人民政府林权变更登记。

  [分歧]

  本案在受理过程中,对于本案是否适用行政复议前置存在两种不同意见:

  第一种意见认为,本案应当适用行政复议前置。理由是:《中华人民共和国行政复议法》第三十条规定,“公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关侵犯其已经合法取得的土地、矿藏、水流、森林、草原、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的,应当先申请行政复议”。甲山林系李家村小组集体所有的一片山林,A县人民政府错误将林地的使用权、林木所有权变更为第三人,其行政行为侵犯了原告的对自然资源的所有权与使用权,根据《中华人民共和国行政复议法》第三十条规定,当事人应当先申请行政复议,对复议不服的,才可以向人民法院提起诉讼。

  第二种意见认为,本案不适用行政复议前置。理由是:最高人民法院法释[2003]5号《关于适用〈行政复议法〉第三十条第一款有关问题的批复》规定:根据《行政复议法》第三十条第一款的规定,公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关确认土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的具体行政行为,侵犯其已经依法取得的自然资源所有权或者使用权的,经行政复议后,才可以向人民法院提起行政诉讼,但法律另有规定的除外;……。因此,《中华人民共和国行政复议法》第三十条规定仅限于发生所有权争议后由行政机关所作出的确权行政裁决案件,颁证行为具有行政许可性质,本案的第三人已取得县人民政府颁发的林地使用权、林木所有权证,原告对县人民政府颁发的林地使用权、林木所有权证不服,不适用行政复议前置的规定,可直接向法院提起诉讼。

  [评析]

  笔者同意第二种意见,理由如下:

  最高人民法院法释[2003]5号《关于适用〈行政复议法〉第三十条第一款有关问题的批复》规定:根据《行政复议法》第三十条第一款的规定,公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关确认土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的具体行政行为,侵犯其已经依法取得的自然资源所有权或者使用权的,经行政复议后,才可以向人民法院提起行政诉讼,但法律另有规定的除外;……。本案的关键就是如何正确界定“确权案件”的范围问题。界定“确权案件”范围的法律意义在于:属于“确权案件”的,必须先经行政复议方可提起行政诉讼;而一般行政案件,则可由原告自行选择。

  《行政复议法》第三十条第一款规定:“公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其已经依法取得的土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的,应当先申请行政复议;对行政复议决定不服的,可以依法向人民法院提起行政诉讼”。到底哪些案件应当先行申请行政复议,对行政复议决定不服的,才可以依法提起行政诉讼,哪些案件可以不经过行政复议直接提起行政诉讼,《行政复议法》没有明确规定,使得司法实践中作法不一。为此,最高人民法院法释[2003]5号《关于适用〈行政复议法〉第三十条第一款有关问题的批复》规定:根据《行政复议法》第三十条第一款的规定,公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关确认土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的具体行政行为,侵犯其已经依法取得的自然资源所有权或者使用权的,经行政复议后,才可以向人民法院提起行政诉讼,但法律另有规定的除外;……。根据日常生活经验的理解“确权”应为“确认权属”,本案A县人民政府向第三人青山绿水林业有限公司核发林地使用权证的行为确实虽也包含了一种“确认权属”的意思。但本案“确权案件”作为一个法律概念使用时,我们不应从日常生活经验出发去理解这个概念,而应结合《行政复议法》和司法解释的本意去理解和使用这一概念。行政复议和行政诉讼都是一种法律救济途径,从当事人的请求或者诉求的内容看,一般可以分为“形成”、“确认”、“给付”三种。一般来说,“形成”意味着当事人之间权利义务的产生、变更或者消灭。“确认”则没有创设或者形成新的权利义务关系的含义,是对一种存在争执或不明确的权利作出一种斟别,要这个角度去解理解“确权案件”的范围。本案原告李家村小组因不服被告A县人民政府、A县林业局为第三人青山绿水林业有限公司颁发林地使用权证而提起行政诉讼,被诉的发证行为属于一种创设权利义务的行政行为,在行为性质上不同于《行政复议法》第三十条第一款所规定的地方人民政府对土地等自然资源权属纠纷作出的确认处理行为,故原告李家村小组针对县政府的发证行为提起行政诉讼无须受《行政复议法》第三十条第一款规定的起诉条件限制,属于可选择行政复议也可直接提起行政诉讼的情形。此外,2005年2月24日,最高人民法院就甘肃省高级人民法院《关于行政机关颁发土地、矿藏等自然资源所有权或者使用权证的行为是否属于确认具体行政行为的请示》,已作出《最高人民法院行政庭关于行政机关颁发自然资源所有权或者使用权证的行为是否属于确认行政行为问题的答复》([2005]行他字第4号):“最高人民法院法释[2003]5号批复中的‘确认’,是指当事人对自然资源的权属发生争议后,行政机关对争议的自然资源的所有权或者使用权所作的确权决定。有关土地等自然资源所有权或者使用权的初始登记,属于行政许可性质,不应包括在行政确认范畴之内。因为行政裁决与行政许可是两个不同的概念,所谓行政裁决,是指依法由行政机关依照法律授权,对当事人之间发生与行政管理活动密切相关的、与合同无关的民事纠纷进行审查,并作出裁决的行政行为,如关于土地的所有权、使用权的权属发生争议,依法请求土地管理机关给予裁决。所谓行政许可,是指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织的申请,经依法审查,准予其从事特定活动的行为。《中华人民共和国行政许可法》第十二条第二项规定,对于有限自然资源的开发利用可以设定行政许可。本案第三人青山绿水林业有限公司承包B林场的林地就是一种林业资源的开发与利用,在我国的法律框架下,土地、林地等自然资源只有通过国家授予特定权利的方式才能对其进行开发、利用和保护。A县人民政府所颁发的林地使用权证书即是对相对人利用相关林地的一种许可行为。因此,行政机关颁发土地、林地等自然资源使用权证的行为不属于复议前置的情形。

  综上所述,本案被告A县人民政府、A县林业局为第三人青山绿水林业有限公司颁发林地使用权证的行为,不是对原告李家村小组与第三人青山绿水林业有限公司的林地使用权争议作出的确权裁决,该行为不属于《行政复议法》第三十条第一款规定的复议前置情形,原告李家村小组可以不经复议直接提起诉讼。

  (作者单位:江西省鄱阳县人民法院)

The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union

周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view




1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights

“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution

In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .

Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.

The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.

2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union

The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.

For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.

Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.

First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.

Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.

The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.

Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.

Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.

Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.

That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.
法德并举、文明治村
——对依法治村的内在观察

周华
(中山大学 法学院,广东 广州 510275)


[摘要]为推动农村的法治进程,政府一直在强调依法治村的方略。然而,在农村法治实践中却出现了制度供给与社会需求之间的失衡。在这一情境下,重视运用以德治村的方略则有助于解决因失衡而引发的种种问题,也有助于推动依法治村的进程,并最终实现农村的长治久安。
[关键词] 依法治村;民间规范;以德治村;社会主义道德



Paying Equal Attention to Law and Virtue, Ruling the Village in a Civilized Way
————an Internal observation of Movement
of“Managing a Village According to Law”

Zhou Hua
(Law School, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275)


Abstract: To advance the process of the rule of law in rural areas, the government has been insisting on the strategy of “managing the village according to law”. However , during the practice of rule of law in rural areas emerges the unbalance between the institutional supplies and the social demands. Under such situation, to attach importance on the strategy of “managing the village by virtue” may contribute to the settlement of various problems caused by the unbalance, while it can also help to advance the process of “managing the village according to law” and achieve the long-term stabilization in rural areas ultimately.

Keywords: Manage the village according to law, civilian norms, manage the village by virtue, socialist morality




我们知道法治道路可分为政府推动型和社会演进型两类。打开国门后,要“尽快”变革国内僵化的经济政治体制以应对外部的压力与挑战是使中国走上政府推进型法治道路的关键原因。在政府的推动下,依法治国已成为全国上下的一致呼声,而依法治村,也就成为依法治国的应有之义。为使农民“懂法”以推动依法治村的进程,政府在农村积极开展了大规模的普法工作,这种普法采用的是自上而下的福利引导型模式,即由国家组织人力、物力来开展普法工作,引导村民逐步依据法律这种“正式规则”来规范自己的生产和生活。
十多年过去了,客观而冷静地看,农村普法取得的真实成效很难令人满意,村民法律意识的提高过于迟缓,不少“正式规则”并未如预期所料那样落到实处。村民的法律意识很大程度上只是本村法治建设现状的反映,我们不能单单指望村民上好法制教育课、听好法制讲座,依据教科书、宣传册上的概念去形成和增强法律意识。因为村民们更为关心的是“活法”、是“现状中的法”。当我们反观农村现状时,就会发现普法宣传与法治实践之间存在着脱节,“正式规则”与“非正式规则”之间存在着信息的不对称,甚至在某些方面仍存在着“书面法律”( law in books )与“实效法律”( law in actual operation )之间的严重对立。村民们读完了从“送法进村”活动中得来的宣传册后,将其束之高阁,照旧依据着许多带有传统法律文化色彩的民间规范来组织社会生活,来调整生产和生活中大多数的矛盾和冲突。这种民间规范作为一种传承性极强的“非正式规则”是不可能短期内仅仅以一套书面上的、外予的、理念化的“正式规则”所能代替的。例如,在许多村庄,有关外嫁女待遇的民间规范明明与书本上的“正式规则”所强调的公正、平等原则背道而驰(外嫁女在村集体经济分配中常常得不到公正的待遇),但仍然得到了相当多村民包括相当多外嫁女本身的认可,其在农村中也仍在有效的运作。
我们知道,与民间规范相比,作为“正式规则”的法律更具有优越性,更能够保证公平、民主的原则,也更能够保证村民的基本权利。但恰恰就是如此优越的法律,却无法较好的在农村得到实施,原因何在?



现代法律有效运作的前提假设一般是陌生人社会或个体主义社会。而在农村中,许多村民从出生、成长到终老,整个人生的过程中很少能够跳出一个“本人——亲人——族人”的有限的圈子,这个圈子是个地缘和血缘的双重封闭圈。土地仍是最为基本的生产资料,村民们紧紧的依附于祖上留下来的土地之上。即使在地处广州,一年生产总值超亿的村落里,村民们对土地还有着相当强的依赖性,村民们收入的一个基本来源是在土地上盖楼然后出租所得的租金。这相对于绝大多数的、经济发展落后的农村中的农民仍以种植业所得作为主收入来说只是换了一种“靠地吃饭”的方式。村民们祖祖辈辈都生活在一块土地上,局限在狭小的区域里,人流、信息流的运动半径都十分狭窄,“这是一个熟悉的、没有外人的社会”。 至今,村籍仍然是外人进入村社难以逾越的门坎。在这一基础上形成的以家族为本位的宗法血缘关系对村民有着很强的约束力,其依靠对血缘关系的认同来制约村民的行为;其以传统道德伦常为基本准绳,以血亲人情为基本取向,通常足以维护村社的基本安全和秩序。
在这样的农村熟人社会中,村民们对法律的需求是极其有限的。就算在经济发达的沿海农村里,尽管市场经济红红火火、外地人来来去去,但在本村人的圈子内,社会结构的相对稳定性、封闭性以及文化观念的保守性、滞后性使得村民们的关系意识里仍旧与内地农村一样保持了一种以血亲人情为基础,追求平衡性的传统。村民与村民之间关系的建立往往还是立足于诸如“情大于法”、“公道自在人心”等一些传统的抽象的模糊准则之上,在追求伦理道德中的“义”时,常常极少会顾及到真正法律上的“正义”,即使在许多本应受法律调整的领域,村民们也往往坚持以宗法的儒家的“非正式规则”取代理性的可预见性的“正式规则”。村民们以“顾及面子”为出发点追求“人际关系和谐” 的心态普遍浓厚。在他们看来,要形成一个“和谐”的社会,依据伦理道德来进行教化乃是比依法治村更高级、更有效的手段。为避开外来的不通人情的法律,大家都愿意采用私了和调解的方式解决纠纷。那么找谁来调解?村民们当然还是习惯于找家族组织或村长,而不会找“外人”。实施“村民自治”后,由于国家政权相对放松了对地缘的控制,从而使得农村中的家族组织又有所发展,这在一定程度上也促长了农村中“调解”之风的盛行。由于在这种依据模糊原则的温情调解下,部分村民的权益极易受损,因此调解这一方式并不是所谓的村民们都“喜闻乐见”。由上可见,正是法律的“不实用”导致了村民对法律的冷漠,基于这种冷漠,若能产生对法律的信仰那才是怪事。然而“法律必须被信仰,否则它将形同虚设。”[1]
“需要是最好的老师”,只要农村社会关系的发展、社会结构的演变没有达到使法律成为村民们生产生活中必不可缺的东西时,以传统农村为场景的法治实现起来就会千重万难。而社会关系的发展、社会结构的演变等是不能单单依靠法的发展就能实现的。因此,从这个意义上讲,我们应把整个依法治村看作是一个涉及社会发展各方面因素的系统工程,要对那些非法律因素给予相当大的注意,例如政治的民主化、人际关系的合理化、经济的发展、科技的进步、道德的提升等等,这些都可以说是建设和维护现代化法治的前提和保证。



那么我们应如何看待和解决在依法治村过程中“说法”与“做法”“两张皮”的问题。第一,我们对依法治村的进程必须有一个长期的清醒的预期。一方面我们要看到法本身的发展是一个渐进的过程,尤其是在传统法律缺乏西方法律背后所深藏的那种形而上的对法的信仰崇尚和终极关怀,而专制特权思想、法律工具论却长期发达的历史根基上,中国现代法治之路尤显艰辛。因此,在法治起步阶段出现了有法不依、执法不严、违法不究或惧法、怨法、避法等严重现象也就不足为奇。另一方面,法治的发展与经济、政治和文化等条件的发展是并行的,而这些非法律因素的综合发展都需假以时日,尤其是传承性极强的文化条件的发展。因为祖祖辈辈传承下来的、由父母而子女的言身教化要远比那些系统的理论来得更有影响。要使积“千年之大成”的传统文化在某些方面发生较大的转变无疑将是个漫长的过程。因此,目前农村中的二元结构式的法律秩序状态将会较长时间地持续下去。
但是,法律在农村的实施难并不能否定法律的完善和发展对于依法治村的意义,因为法律的存在至少为农村社会提供了一种调整方式,尽管用到的时候不多,但村民们在规避法律而采用“非正式规则”来讨价还价时往往还会以法律规范作为一个的参照标准。作为正式规则的法律将与非正式规则在讨价还价的动态平衡中逐步推进农村的法治化。我们指出依法治村进程中的不尽人意处,并不是要放弃法治的理念,而去一味的迎合村民们固有观念中的保守性和落后性;相反,这样做的目的是要通过把“法治”理论置于中国传统农村特定的社会文化情境中加以重审反思,加深对其历史和现实意义的认识,进一步确定其前进的方向,以使其在农村发挥更大的作用。
第二,法治只有走好本土化的道路,才能有效的解决两张皮的问题。我们有着悠久而深厚的传统文化存量,这些东西都积淀着祖辈们思考和解决各种社会问题的智慧和经验。传统法文化作为一个活的历史连续过程具有极其顽强的生命力,并未因其是过去的东西而全部丧失其自身的价值。相反,它还在一定程度上在农村中以民间规范、风俗习惯等形式获得了延续,进而影响着现代农村法律文化的面貌。法治的实现与否,关键不在法律制度表层的建构上,而是依赖于人们的自然习性和法的观念。我们可以通过引入外部法律制度来弱化农村中传统的民间规范,但我们相当长时期内还不可能真正彻底消灭民间规范后深藏的传统法文化,传统法文化仍然在深深影响着村民们的法律观念和行为模式,并且通过这种影响在一定程度上扭曲、抵制甚至架空了本本上的法律制度。而实施这种与实际生活有所脱节的法律制度所能取得的实效当然也就十分有限。因此脱开本土传统首先是一个可不可能的问题,然后才是一个应不应该的问题。
邓小平曾强调说:“中国的事情要按照中国的情况来办,要依靠中国人自己的力量来办。”[2]那么,怎么办?“……要实现中国法制现代化,其出路就是:打破二元文化格局,寻求法律文化结构的内部协调,实现文化整合;中国法制建设的战略选择就应是:……高度重视公民的法律文化心理和法律价值观的培养,使其由传统形态向现代形态转变,使观念性法律文化与制度性法律文化相协调”。[3]这样,在实施依法治村的过程中,我们就不能对从传统形态中衍生而来的非正式规则视而不见或轻描淡写。而要在强调通过政府的理性建构来规划和引导农村法治走向的同时,充分尊重非正式规则,并有必要为非正式规则保留适当的生存空间,甚至在法律制度供给时,也可将非正式规则的合理内容吸收到正式规则中来,从而尽可能的调和二者之间的偏差和冲突,最大限度的实现制度供给与社会需求之间的平衡。这一点已受到越来越多的社会管理者,尤其是部分学者型党政官员的重视。如在《制度立区》一书中,作为广州市天河区区委书记的作者就曾指出:“通常,人们都说,在制定政策(包括法律、法规)或者其他决策时,要从实际出发,要尊重人民群众的意愿,要体现最广大人民群众的利益,说到底就是在制度(正式的规则)供给时,要特别重视非正式的规则,也就是历史的、文化的、习惯的因素。”[4]
在依法治村的过程中,我们要首先走好一条正式规则与非正式规则共同发展的道路,同时有意识的逐步走上“把正式的法律控制与非正式的其他社会控制相结合的道路”。[5]在另一方面,我们“从制度变迁的角度看,国家制定法与民间法的相互沟通、理解以及在此基础上妥协和合作将是制度创新的一个重要途径”,否则,“结果只能是强化国家制定法和民间法之间的文化阻隔,造成两败俱伤”。[6]这种俱伤所带来的重要表象之一就是:在制度提供者看来,人们尤其是保留传统太多的农村人老是“生活在别处”。



在知道了如何解决好“两张皮”的问题之后,我们要想更好的解决因“两张皮”所引发的种种问题,诸如对于农村宽广的社会需求来说,现行法治方略及其实效过于单薄和狭窄等,就有必要跳出法治的本身来寻求解决途径,要重视非法律因素的发展对法治的推动作用,而当前极其紧迫和重要的就是要贯彻以德治村的方略,要德法并举、文明治村。在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年大会上的重要讲话中,江泽民同志强调指出:“要把依法治国同以德治国结合起来,为社会保持良好的秩序和风尚营造高尚的思想道德基础。”这一思想的提出,标志着我国对社会治理方式的认识又提升到了一个更高的层次,具有极其深远的历史意义。
法律和道德都是上层建筑的重要组成部分,都是管理国家、治理社会的重要手段。法治与德治从来都是相互蕴涵和包容的一个整体,它们之间是相互渗透、相互作用、相辅相成的。对管理国家、治理社会来说,二者缺一不可,也不可偏废。法律的产生以道德为基础,也始终以公平正义作为价值依托和最终归宿,而道德规范,在一定的条件下,也可能被提升为法律制度,以强化其规范力度;“法对道德规范的产生和发展,对道德规范的遵守,对人们道德观念的增强起着重要的促进和保障作用。同样,道德对立法、执法、司法以及人们法律意识和法制观念的增强,也起着十分重要的促进和保障作用。”[7]法律是刚性约束,道德是柔性约束。在许多社会领域,只有刚柔相济,法律和道德双管齐下,才能收到良好的效果。法律并不是万能的,其本身具有不可避免的局限性。“首先,法律难以从根本上解决社会公正问题。……其次,法律难以触及人的心灵,解决不了人的思想问题。……第三,法律不可能把社会生活的方方面面统统管起来,而必然留有一些领域由道德来管理。”[8] 因此“……从深层意义上加以考虑,之所以把道德建设提到治国方略的高度,一个主要原因在于,法律虽严密,但法律也有它难以管辖的地方。”[9]法律是外在的强制性约束,是“外律”。道德关注的是人们的思想和内心活动,是人们内在的自我约束,是“自律”,这才是我们抑制违法犯罪行为之根本。
另外,“以德治国”方略的提出具有鲜明的时代针对性,是现实社会发展的迫切需要。一段时期以来,反传统已成为新的传统,我们的传统道德因此受到猛烈的破坏:十年文革的毁损;西方强势文化对传统道德的冲击;计划经济体制向市场经济体制飞速转换所引起的道德缺空等等。同时,在这段社会变革和转型的时期中,因常常出现法律制度短缺的问题,所以我们对于要加强刚性规范的建设注意得较多,相比之下对柔性规范的建设,即对与社会主义现代化相适应的道德体系的建设的注意却还不够。传统道德受到了极大损坏,而在文化多样性下的主导道德的高扬还有待时日,因此西方价值观念、生活方式上的一些不良影响以及商品社会的负面因素也就容易乘隙侵入到人们的精神领域,从而使社会道德有所滑坡。在这一大气侯下,再加上村民的科学文化知识极其有限,就使得不少农村中封建迷信开始沉渣泛起,涉黑的宗族势力有所抬头,黄赌毒屡禁不止等等。因此,加强社会主义道德体系的建设是时代的呼声。